Integration of women in agriculture in Cañete-Peru [Integración de la mujer en la agricultura en Cañete, Perú]

Women's work in the countryside is of great importance because it contributes to the economy of their people and their families from vulnerable areas, which require more attention from different institutions to improve their quality of life. The objective of this research is to determine the integration of the workforce of women in agriculture, through a questionnaire and semi-structured questions to women leaders dedicated to the agricultural sector and women workers who work in the field from the districts Imperial and Quilmana. As a result, the great growth potential of women and their contribution to food security, improvements in the economy were identified. On the other hand, these women are characterized by belonging to vulnerable sectors. Therefore, their participation in the labor force implies greater care and delicacy, especially in agro-export companies. With regard to gender equality, it is similar in work to that of men in agricultural activities, but with less income in wages. Therefore, women tend to contribute to the economic improvement of their rural family basket, being able to demonstrate great potential in labor development, taking on challenges in the face of poverty and inequality of opportunity, in the face of a state that emerges from mistrust and breach of agricultural public policies, which prevent Please cite this article as: Castillo B., Larico BN, Moreno RA.; Integration of women in agricultura in Cañete Peru, Journal of Sciences and Engineering, vol. 4, no 1, 2020, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.32829/sej.v4i1.126 SEj Journal of Sciences and Engineering A publication of


Introduction
This research tries to demonstrate the contribution made by women in the field contributing to improve their family economy, as well as the community, due to the lack of jobs, in addition to the productive diversity that develops in the Cañete Valley. This situation allows women's work to be guaranteed in the agricultural sector, carrying out light and strong activities such as planting, cleaning weeds, fertilizing the land, harvesting. On the other hand, agro-exporting companies prioritize their activity in the harvest and in the selection of fruits. The identified problem lies in the lack of labor supply for women lacking higher education than existing in the area, so these women tend to go in search of work in agro-exporting companies where they carry out productive activities or field work private landowners, in order to get a paid job, one of the characteristics of these women is to be mothers who do not have other economic income, except for the activities they carry out through their personal effort, obtaining lower salaries than men , which generates inequalities. However, they are mostly from rural areas and marginal areas of low resources and in a state of vulnerability to the economic crisis they are going through. However, it is important to note that his work has an impact on active economic activity, which is being generated by the populations of women in a state of vulnerability in the Cañete Valley. Therefore, the potential for growth is framed in the participation of the workforce with gender equality, with public policies that allow generating a common good in society in general and especially the working women who are in vulnerable áreas.
Agriculture is considered to be one of the least paid jobs that currently exists in the country, in addition to being of little value for people and for the same State (Marin, 2017). Facts that are observed in the differentiation of women's salaries in comparison to the salaries assigned to men, the needs of women are limited in supporting the family basket to improve their income, they seek to get work activities in agricultural fields or from agro exporting companies. The incidence is observed in low-income households, assuming women work to support their families (Ramirez and Torres, 2014). However, faced with different disadvantages, women continue with family and agricultural work, empowering the directionality of their family nucleus. Thus, the feminization of the rural labor force refers to the increase in the presence of rural women in rural agricultural jobs, rural non-agricultural employment as employers, salaried or self-employed or unpaid family workers (Valenciano et al., 2017). It is corroborated that women's labor actions are carried out in the production or domestic fields, fulfilling a double labor function.
This social phenomenon is evidenced in the overload of responsibilities that women have, in family tasks based on social inequality, in discrimination and disadvantages that they experience in the labor market, manifesting themselves mainly in difficulties to insert themselves into labor; lower job opportunities, product of labor segregation; lower income, coupled with wage discrimination and inadequate valuation of occupations developed by women; and finally, greater informality, based on the representation of women in the informal economy and in jobs without social protection (Caamaño, 2010). The work of women, both paid and unpaid, becomes a fundamental key to the understanding of their enormous productive contribution in the construction of well-being or domestic well-being, in addition, of activities that cross the borders of the home (Diaz, 2017).
Currently, the situation of women in the labor market is a matter of great importance, if one takes into account that there are many who work or want to do so and their levels of response to labor can be equated like that of men (Agut and Salanova, 2014). This enables its easy incorporation into the labor world in search of a job in the productive activity as in agriculture, the main economic support of the Cañete Valley, complementing the jobs in the field. Therefore, it is raised as the main problem How is the integration of the workforce of women in agriculture in the Cañete Valley?, The specific problems being first How is the integration of women in agriculture, regarding to the potential for growth in the Cañete Valley?, Second How is the integration of women in agriculture, regarding the participation of women in the labor force in the Cañete Valley? And finally, how is the integration of women in agriculture, regarding gender equality in the Cañete Valley?
According to the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion (MIDIS, 2017) it defines the scope of its competence, first to social development, in order to overcome poverty without inclusion with equity, second to social protection, mainly to vulnerable, at-risk populations and abandonment: which aims to improve the quality of life of the population, with access to opportunities, capacity building of both public, private institutions and society as a whole.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MINAGRI, 2016) highlights the gender approach, both for men and women in a balanced way, their participation, in order to close inequality gaps, for a correct decision making. However, within this the woman, fulfills various activities at home as in the management of agricultural production units. Demonstrating integrative capacity in various additional actions for the good of his family. Consequently, the national agricultural policy has as its main objective, to achieve the sustained increase in income and livelihoods of agricultural producers and producers.

Women and economic growth
Differentiated or inappropriate treatment manages to marginalize women, and therefore hinders their intervention and participation as a person of great potential and productive skills, which contributes to society and the development of the economy in a meritorious way (Lagarte, 2019). However, gender equality allows women to reach a seat, which with sacrifice managed to achieve the implementation of public policies, and therefore increase the number of women in the labor market, these being paid and managing to reduce wage gaps , but, nevertheless, obstacles arise in high-risk work, making it impossible to continue its activity (Dabla-Norris and Kochhar, 2019). This gender wage gap continues, and the jobs typically occupied by women, continue to be dismissed, consequently, poorly paid, with a labor market that is favored by the work of men and marginalizes women (Jakobsdóttir, 2019) Women and rural employment in Peru, aims to identify the main characteristics of female rural employment. The female population over 18, working in rural areas of Peru, highlights those women in rural areas dedicated to agriculture, because they have developed various types of non-agricultural activities as a work alternative that has allowed them to contribute economically in the Development of their families. The research identified a gender difference, women, although to a lesser extent, have the same job opportunities as men in the rural areas analyzed; education and having minor children is no longer an impediment to self-generating their own source of work and in order to get ahead it has not been necessary to migrate to the city. However, it was also identified that the quality of employment is still precarious, temporary and with very variable economic income that has forced women to work in many cases for more than eight hours and also perform more than one work activity (Cornejo et al., 2016).
Labor discrimination and its effect on working women of the Departmental Head Municipality of Huehuetenango, aims to establish the existence of labor discrimination and its effect on working women of the Municipality, applied to 25 women, the results show according to age: 36% of working women are between 30 and 39 years old and have not been discriminated against, 68%

Growth potential
The potential growth of an economy, understood as the materialization of the employment of productive resources" (Aravena, 2010).
The intensification of growth with the women's workforce is achieving the vertiginous advance of an action generated by the need to improve their economy against the increase in the basic family basket, as shown in Figure 2, where work The field is continuous and permanent in agro-export companies, the effect of agricultural campaigns that provide great ease to women in rural areas of the Cañete Valley, who do not have a professional career, being these mothers with scarce economic resources and vulnerable áreas. The Lima region, specifically the province of Cañete, shows the development of women in the labor force, increasing economically active production (EAP), and therefore the sustainability of economically vulnerable areas, as a symptom of survival through the countryside. Empowering their labor actions, which migrate from company to company, according to productive heading or seasonal agricultural campaigns.

Gender equality
"They are the economic, social, political and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being a man or a woman" (FAO, 2012). The gender approach in the productive activity of the Cañete Valley is synonymous with entrepreneurship, courage, courage, discipline and effort to balance the work balance with equality. That encourages their actions as a responsible mother and woman in their home and adverse circumstances of the national economy, which the responsible entities do not focus on their actions. Importance of gender equality in agriculture is of vital importance to achieve agricultural development and achieve the millennium development goals (FAO, 2012). Meanwhile, women have been evolving through cultural events, gradually incorporating into the agricultural work in their area, they managed to change their family lifestyles, so they put aside the saying that women are from home and Men can go to work in agriculture (Marín, 2017). And gender equality does not symbolize that men and women are or should be similar, but that both enjoy the same benefits of life (Martínez and Baeza, 2017). Therefore, empowering women is of great importance for rural development, sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition improvement (Ramos, 2018). Another important aspect is that women who work in the rural economy are discriminated against for different reasons, with gender being the main cause of inequality, ethnic or social origin and their religion (ILO, 2017) Of the 100% of women surveyed, the highest employability in the field are those women that range from 21 to 30 years, and represent 41.82%, followed by 21.82% between 31 and 40 years old.

Gender equality
Agricultural development cannot be achieved without the recognition of the enormous contribution of women in food production, sacrificed work generated in the field of agricultural products for the well-being of their family, their home and demonstrate that they work in equality with men without be discriminated against Effect of a functional commitment with companies that need to fill the jobs provided they meet knowledge, skills and experience otherwise they are trained for different sectors that the agricultural company has, however, the workforce of women is considered lower than men being the same work they do, in addition, to carry out heavy work activities and hard work, which in some cases the need forces to perform. Therefore, the labor force in the field is the same for both genders, starting their activities from seven in the morning until three in the afternoon, which corresponds to one day. Then they move to their homes by means of transport.