Effect of silicon’s doses in the cultivation of pea (Pisum sativum L.), to obtain a higher yield, district of Barranca [Efecto de dosis de silicio en el cultivo de arveja (Pisum sativum L.), para obtener mayor rendimiento, distrito de Barranca]

The objective was to determine the adequate dose of silicon foliar fertilization, to obtain a higher yield in pea crops. Regarding the methodology, the research is applied and experimental; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design comprised of 4 blocks and 4 treatments was used, which were: T1 = 0, T2 = 0.50 L, T3 = 0.75 L and T4 = 1 L Silicon (Sil Trade) / 200 L of water Applied in four times, it is worth mentioning the chemical ingredient of silicon is orthosilicic acid. The physical characteristics from sowing to harvest were evaluated and the silicon concentrations in leaves were analyzed by treatment. Obtained data were processed by analysis of variance and Duncan. The results determined that T4 stood out in plant height with 89.74 cm, number of pods per plant with 37, weight of pods per plant with 234.43 g, yield with 4444.4 kg/ha and silicon concentration in leaves with 1.75 g/100 g of dry material. It is concluded that there were no silicon effects; that is, it did not statistically influence the physical characteristics. However, T4 with 1 L Silicon (Sil Trade) / 200 L of water increased 8.58% of the yield in relation to T1.


Introduction
Silicon is one of the most abundant elements in the soil and is united with other elements forming different complex compounds in its chemical structure. These compounds influence the development of the plant, according to Michajluk, et al. (2019), mention that silicon is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, it is the majority component of the minerals of the silicate group and is considered an essential element for certain crops. Also Savant, et. to the. (1996) mention that Silicon is found in the soil solution (intensity factor) is highly influenced by its dissolution kinetics, which in turn is influenced by various soil factors such as Al, Fe oxides, matter organic, redox potential and moisture.
Despite the abundance of silicon, all the compounds are not available for absorption by the plant; Therefore, it is required that the silicon is in solution as Monosilicic Acid (Si(OH)4) for the availability of its absorption and favors the biochemical development. This assertion is supported by Castellanos, et. to the. (2015), who state that Silicon is present in the soil solution as Monosilicic Acid (Si(OH)4), most of it in undissociated form, which is easily available to plants. However, it is important to know the concentration of silicon in the soil; since this nutrient promotes the absorption of other nutrients and therefore there is good development in the plant according to Quero, E. (2008), affirms that in the soil they must be found in values of 100 to 200 mg / kg of these forms of silicon soluble.
Likewise, silicon is absorbed as Monosilicic Acid (Si(OH)4), which favors the development of the plant and reduces stress of pests, diseases and environmental factors; Therefore, the availability of this compound in the soil is important, according to Epstein (1999) concludes that many of these same conditions affect plants in soils poor in silicon and there are such. Taken together, the evidence is overwhelming that silicon should be included among the elements that have the greatest influence on plant life.
However, an efficient alternative to reduce stress problems in pea crops is foliar fertilization, since silicon is absorbed immediately for the strengthening and development of the plant. This statement is based on Molina (2002), who mention that foliar fertilization is the principle of application of nutrients through the foliar tissue, mainly through the leaves, which are the organs where the greatest physiological activity of the plant is concentrated. Due to this use by means of leaf tissue, silicon fertilization can be applied as silicon dioxide, potassium silicate and together with other chemical compounds such as pesticides that reduce stress problems and at the same time the economic cost, according to De Freitas, et al. (2011) state that potassium silicate is an interesting source of contribution of Silicon, which, applied by foliar route, can facilitate the use of this element by plants, in addition to being applied together with fungicides and insecticides, thus saving on Applications.
It is worth mentioning that this silicon fertilization method is used in most of the farmers of the Barranca District, to reduce the problems caused by stress from environmental and phytosanitary factors and to supply this nutrient due to the deficiency of available silicon compounds in the soil. which is essential for the development of the De Carvalho et. al (2019), state that the nutritional essentiality of silicon is controversial. Some researchers claim that it is essential for plants, while others refer to it as a beneficial nutrient. It also has the effect of reducing phytosanitary problems as investigated by Gómez, et. al (2006), who conclude in their results that the foliar application of silicon and honey to plants modifies the resistance and severity to the attack of pathogens.

Location and edaphoclimatic conditions
The experiment was carried out in the Barranca district, located in the Barranca province, which borders the Buena Vista Human Settlement to the North, the San Ildefonso Cemetery to the South, the Santa Margarita Farm to the West and the Pampa Velarde Town Center to the East. Likewise, it is located at the coordinates of South Latitude: 10° 46' 05.1' 'West Longitude: 77° 44' 30.0'' Altitude: 84 m and its experimental area was 576 m 2 . In the edaphoclimatic conditions, the temperature was between 22 ° C and 25 °C on average, the relative humidity was 82% and the soil was sandy loam (See figure 1).

Soil analysis
According to the soil analysis carried out in the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation -Huaral (2015) that details table 1, it was determined that the soil has a slightly alkaline pH with 7.8 (6 -7.5), does not present salt problems, low organic matter concentration with 1% (2% -4%), nitrogen with 0.05% (0.1% -0.2%) and available potassium with 5 ppm (125 ppm -250 ppm). In medium concentration is available phosphorus with 14 ppm (12ppm -36 ppm) and a normal concentration of calcium carbonate. Therefore, this soil is in favorable conditions for the sowing of the pea crop. However, it needs the incorporation of organic matter.  (2015), which was determined by 12.12 mg/L of solution were obtained. Therefore, this result shows that it is within the normal rating of 5-150 mg/L of solution according to (Zagal et al., 2007). But this result is from the total of silicon compounds found in solution and not from the single silicon. Therefore, this concentration of this element has a low tendency and for this reason foliar application of silicon is required in pea crops.  (2015), Basic soil fertility analysis.
Note: The qualification is according to the optimal range of total silicon concentration according to (Zagal et al., 2007).

Recommended macronutrient fertilization
In relation to the recommendation of soil fertilization for pea crops that is detailed in   (2015), Basic soil fertility analysis.

Treatment
The availability of this nutrient in the soil was taken into account for the doses of silicon foliar fertilization, seen in table 4; which was determined by soil analysis, the dose used by farmers in the area to the pea crop and was applied at four times 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing. According to Restrepo, (2015) maintains that although it has been reported that silicon is not an essential element for plant nutrition, however, since the 1960s a large amount of research has been carried out on sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L) and rice (Oryza sativa L), crops that accumulate large amounts of silicon in the form of silica gel, which is localized in some specific tissues.

Experiment procedures
Soil samples were extracted with a shovel at a depth of 25 cm and in a staggered manner, then it was poured into a blanket to remove it and from there a 1 kg sample was taken that was taken to the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation Huaral, for analysis of soil.
The experimental area was then installed using the statistical model of the Completely Random Block Design comprised of 4 blocks and 4 treatments.
Then it was sowed with distances of 2 m between rows, 0.20 m between plants and 2 seeds per hit.
Regarding cultural tasks such as irrigation, weeding, fertilization, phytosanitary control, they were carried out in the same way for all treatments.
Regarding foliar fertilization, the doses of silicon (Sil Trade) were applied, according to the established treatments and in four moments 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing. These dates are indicated in table 4 and figure 2.
Data on the physical characteristics of the crop from sowing to harvest were evaluated and collected and processed by analysis of variance and Duncan's test at 5% error.
Afterwards, samples of representative leaves of each treatment were taken for their foliar analysis to INIA -Huaral, which determined which concentration of silicon obtained the highest yield.

Results
The results obtained by each treatment both in the plant and in the soil were interpreted and analyzed, determining that the T4 with 1 L silicon (Sil Trade) / 200 L water stood out in the height, quantity and weight of pods per plant and yield. commercial. Likewise, it is specified that there was no significance; that is, the dose did not statistically influence the physical characteristics of the pea crop (see table 5).

Conclusions
It was determined that the foliar silicon fertilization of T4 with 1 liter of Silicon (Sil Trade) / 200 L of water applied in 4 moments and under the chemical characteristics of the soil of the Barranca district obtained higher yields of the pea crop with 4444.4 Kg / has; that is, an increase of 8.59% in relation to T1; however, there was no effect of silicon doses, that is, they did not statistically influence.
The concentration of silicon per treatment was also determined in the foliar analysis, being the T4 with 1.75 g of silicon in 100 g of dry matter that stood out in relation to the others. Therefore, this result shows that this concentration of this nutrient promoted biochemical reactions together with other nutrients that favored performance.
Finally, it is concluded that the foliar fertilization of silicon in T4 with 1 L silicon (Sil Trade) / 200 L water applied in 4 moments, immediately favored the protection of the pea crop against the stress caused by environmental and phytosanitary factors and reduced the cost of production.